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In vivo CAR-T Insights Series

Drug Target Encyclopedia Series (44) —CD28

Drug Target Encyclopedia Series (44) —CD28

CD28 is one of the most important co-stimulatory receptors in T-cell biology. Expressed on T cells, it works together with TCR/CD3 signaling to provide the second signal required for full T-cell activation, proliferation, survival, and cytokine production.

Membrane protein Series

Oct 08,2026

Dual-Targeted LNPs Enable Nonviral DNA Delivery and In Vivo CAR-T Generation

Dual-Targeted LNPs Enable Nonviral DNA Delivery and In Vivo CAR-T Generation

a dual-targeted lipid nanoparticle platform that generated persistent, functional CAR-T cells directly in vivo. Following a single intravenous administration, the platform produced sustained CAR expression, controlled tumor growth, and improved survival in humanized mouse models of B-cell leukemia.

Frontiers in In Vivo CAR-T & tLNP

Sep 24,2026

Antibody-Targeted LNPs Enable In Vivo CAR-T Cell Generation

Antibody-Targeted LNPs Enable In Vivo CAR-T Cell Generation

This article examines a 2025 Science study in which antibody-targeted lipid nanoparticles delivered optimized CAR mRNA to CD8+ T cells, generating functional CAR-T cells directly in vivo. We discuss the L829 ionizable lipid, targeted biodistribution, B-cell depletion, tumor control, and findings in cynomolgus monkeys, as well as dose-related inflammatory safety. The study highlights the potential—and remaining translational challenges—of transient, nonviral in vivo CAR-T therapy for cancer and autoimmune disease.

Frontiers in In Vivo CAR-T & tLNP

Sep 10,2026

Drug Target Encyclopedia Series (43) —CD2

Drug Target Encyclopedia Series (43) —CD2

CD2 is not a new target in immunology. As a classic T-cell surface molecule, it has long been known for its role in T-cell adhesion, immune synapse formation, and T-cell activation. However, CD2 is now gaining renewed attention with the rise of next-generation T cell engagers (TCEs). As researchers look for ways to improve CD3-based T-cell redirection with more balanced and durable co-stimulatory signals, CD2 has re-emerged as a promising co-stimulatory axis. Recent industry progress further highlights this trend. Novartis has advanced PIT565, an anti-CD19/anti-CD2/anti-CD3 program, into clinical development, while AbbVie entered a collaboration with EvolveImmune to develop novel multispecific antibodies based on EvolveImmune’s T cell engager platform with integrated CD2 co-stimulation.

Membrane protein Series

Sep 01,2026

Drug Target Encyclopedia Series (42) —PCSK9

Drug Target Encyclopedia Series (42) —PCSK9

PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9) is a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism and plays an important role in controlling low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. By binding to the LDL receptor (LDLR) on hepatocytes and promoting LDLR degradation, PCSK9 reduces hepatic clearance of circulating LDL-C, leading to elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Dysregulated PCSK9 activity is strongly associated with hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease, making it one of the most validated targets in lipid-lowering drug development.

Membrane protein Series

Aug 06,2026

Non-Viral CAR-T Therapy: Why In Vivo CAR-T Is Emerging as an Alternative to Viral Delivery

Non-Viral CAR-T Therapy: Why In Vivo CAR-T Is Emerging as an Alternative to Viral Delivery

Explore how non-viral in vivo CAR-T uses targeted lipid nanoparticles to program T cells directly, and how it compares with conventional viral CAR-T delivery.

mRNA & LNP Delivery Insights

Jul 15,2026

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